When you write a nonfiction paragraph, you’re more than just writing, you’re creating a mind-to-mind connection between you and your readers, like a bridge.

In this article, you’ll learn a how to craft sound nonfiction paragraphs by looking at their structure, length and type so that your words can flow effortlessly through this symbolic bridge.

1) Nonfiction Paragraph Structure

Let’s start by looking at the anatomy of a nonfiction paragraph:

The Beginning

Most nonfiction paragraphs begin by introducing a main idea in the first sentence, called the topic sentence. It’s important to only focus on one main idea per paragraph so that you don’t split your audience’s attention.

The Middle

Once you’ve nailed down your topic sentence, it’s time to elaborate on your main idea. You’ll be doing so throughout the middle section of your paragraph by writing a number of supporting sentences.

This number will depend on the complexity of your main idea, but as a rule of thumb you’re a looking at no less than three and no more than five supporting sentences.

If you need more than five sentences to develop your main idea, then perhaps you need to it break down and devote a separate paragraph to each part.

The End

Once you’ve developed your main idea through a number of supporting sentences, it’s time to bring your paragraph to a natural conclusion.

You’ll want to do so by summarizing the discussion of your main idea in a way that’s memorable to your readers. In other words, the goal of your concluding sentence is not merely to repeat your main idea at the end of your paragraph but to translate it into an “aha” moment.

While the first sentence of your paragraph might have elicited a response such as “This sounds interesting, I want to learn more about it,” the conclusion must elicit a response such as “Oh, now I get it, this is very cool!”

2) Nonfiction Paragraph Length

A reasonable paragraph length is between 100 and 200 words. Nowhis isn’t based on a formula but on the simple fact that the nonfiction genre — and problem-solving nonfiction in particular — is about new ideas, and those ideas need a minimum number of words for you to be able to develop them effectively.

If your find that you paragraph idea is too complex to be digested in a single paragraph, then break it up into several sub-ideas, and devote a separate paragraph for each.

3) Nonfiction Paragraph Types

Finally, there are four types of nonfiction paragraphs that you’ll want to master. Each type has different characteristics that’ll work best in different areas of your book. A balanced nonfiction book makes use of all four types.

Expository Paragraph Type:

The expository paragraph type is used to convey well-researched findings in a way that establishes you as an expert in your reader’s eyes.

Example:

“The fundamental question of work and leisure raised by Weiss is particularly relevant as a generation called Millennials moves firmly into the workforce. Millennials in general are hard-working, passionate young men and women who are eager to work, but they want to enjoy and draw meaning from their jobs. Weiss recognizes this trend in young workers, but an interesting disconnect between Weiss’ article and today is the discussion of self-employment. Weiss notes that self-employed workers are generally most satisfied even if they earn less, but also makes the observation that self-employment has significantly declined. This observation is being challenged by trends in Millennial work choices.”

Descriptive Paragraph Type:

The descriptive paragraph type is used to paint a picture in the mind of the reader by using language that appeals to the their senses.

Example:

“Coming down to Bridge Park had been a good idea, he decided. Leaving the crowded mass of the city behind he’d ridden the train south, out onto the delta. Rice paddies stretched to every horizon, blurring the line between land, river and sea. And then, in the shadow of the ruined supports of the bridge, the park rose like a garden oasis above the lowlands. He obviously wasn’t the only person with the same idea today, and the park was lifted by the shrieks of children playing on the bridge replica fun zone behind him.”

Narrative Paragraph Type:

The narrative paragraph type is used to take your reader through an emotional journey from problem to solution, as conveyed through the stories of real or fictional characters that support your book’s main thesis.

Example:

“Christopher Reeve was one courageous person who fully accepted an unexpected change in direction in his life. The icon of superhuman strength in the 80’s, he was the quintessential Superman. An actor of great appeal and talent, he represented the ideal combination of manliness, strength, seeker of justice, and savior of humankind. In May 1995, he was riding his horse and had a serious fall. The accident damaged his spinal cord such that he was left a quadriplegic and had to use a machine to help him breathe. The accident sent shock waves around the world. How could Superman be rendered a quadriplegic? It was unfathomable.

After many months of grueling physical therapy, he learned how to function in this new altered state. The emotional toll was great as he and his family struggled with the changes this accident brought into their lives. Within a year, however, he had founded a charitable organization called the Christopher Reeve Foundation in order to raise money for research on spinal cord injuries and made it his mission to find a way for all victims of these devastating injuries to walk again.”

Persuasive Paragraph Type:

The persuasive paragraph type is used to convince your reader why the solution presented in your book is different than any other than they might have tried in the past.

Example:

“‘I’m too old’ or ‘It’s too late to change’ are nothing but limiting beliefs. Like any other beliefs, they’re fully under your control and are totally replaceable. In the end, you’re the one who truly runs the show, as much as you’re taught to believe the opposite. When it comes to making changes in your life, you have the ultimate say. If you end up doing only what others think you should, it’s because on some level you’ve made the decision to believe that their ideas are more worthy than your own. If you want to change, you have to start believing in what you want to do, no matter what other people’s ‘opinions’ are. And you have to believe that the changes you want to make are worth it, regardless of your age or your circumstances.

If you enjoyed this article and are in the process of writing a nonfiction book, be sure to check out my free nonfiction success guide, drawn from years of experience editing books for bestselling authors (including a New York Times bestseller) and ghostwriting for CEOs and politicians. Simply click here to get instant access.

All the best!

Ben

Leave me a comment below if you have any questions or need any help – I operate an author services firm that specializes in helping entrepreneurs, professionals and business owners who want to publish books as a calling card for prospects, to establish their status as an expert or to just to generate additional leads for their businesses.

 

Here are some related posts I highly recommend:

How to Write a Compelling Book in 12 Steps: A Must-Read Guide for Nonfiction Authors

Write Your Own Book and Become an Expert: 11 Reasons Why You Should

 

Bennett R. Coles is an award-winning author of six books published through Harper Collins (New York) and Titan Publishing Group (London). He is also the publisher at Promontory Press, editor for multiple bestselling writers (including a NY Times bestseller), ghostwriter for CEOs and politicians and the founder of Cascadia Author Services, a boutique full-service firm that specializes in premium author services specifically designed for busy professionals. Our end-to-end services include writer coaching, ghost writing, editing, proofing, cover design, book layout, eBook production, marketing, printing and distribution.

Second only to the book cover, the introduction of a nonfiction book is the most important sales asset at your disposal. In fact, if your book cover is the “lead magnet” that catches the reader’s attention, your introduction is the “closer” that seals the deal.

If you don’t nail this part of your book content, you’ll have to fight an uphill battle trying to convince readers to buy your book.

But here’s the thing: most new authors get this section wrong. I suspect the reason that is back in the day they taught us in school that the introduction of an essay is supposed to “tell your reader what you’re going to tell them,” then you “tell them” in the body of the essay and finally you use the conclusion to “tell them what you told them.”

The problem is that what works for essays doesn’t often work in commercial nonfiction. If you provide a summary of your book in your introduction (“tell your reader what you’re going to tell them”), they simply won’t buy it because you just told them all they need to know.

Instead, your book introduction should really be a “marketing sales letter” where you pitch your book to the reader. In other words, a document carefully crafted with the intent to tease, but never reveal, to hook the reader into wanting to know more, to pique their interest to such an extent that they feel compelled to purchase your book.

So the question now is, how do you go about writing this letter? Is there a formula you can follow to ensure it gets the job done?

Well, you’re in luck, because in this article I’ll share with you the 7 steps you need to follow to nail your book introduction!

Step 1: Begin Your Introduction With a Good Hook

The first step in writing a good introduction is to hook your reader in the opening paragraph. The goal of a hook is to capture your reader’s attention at the very beginning and make them want to read the entire section.

There are many different types of hooks you can use, but the basic structure is the same: you need to highlight the main challenge that afflicts your reader and then show them the expected end result.

Here are three popular opening hook options you can use as inspiration for the first paragraph of your introduction:

• You could use a thought-provoking open-ended question, the answer to which contains the solution to the problem you’re addressing with your book (e.g. “Why do 90% of people who go on a diet end up gaining back more weight than what they lost within six months ?”)

• You could start your paragraph with a story that depicts the emotional journey of a fictitious character who suffers from the problem afflicting your reader. Or you could share an example from your personal life that shows your reader how you overcame this challenge yourself. Or you could share the journey of a client (fictionalizing, names, places, genders, etc.).

• You could start your first introduction paragraph with a statistic that illustrates a controversial piece of information that goes to the crux of your book and at the same time addresses the challenge you’ve set out to address (make sure to reference your sources).

Step 2: Introduce your Solution and Establish Your Credentials

Now that people are hooked, it’s time to tease your solution but doing so in a way that doesn’t disclose your “secret sauce.” As I mentioned before, if you reveal any type of details about your solution in your introduction then you’ll be removing the need for someone to purchase your book.

As an example, you could say something like: “This book will show you the step-by-step approach required in order to permanently overcome _________ .”

Once you’ve teased your solution, you need to establish why you’re qualified to talk about the subject. For instance, you could talk about the journey that led to the discovery of your unique solution, conveying your passion for the subject and the reason why you made it your personal mission to help others afflicted by this problem.

Step 3: Reveal the Journey from Problem to Solution

Now it’s time reveal the specific road map that will take your readers from being afflicted by the problem to being freed by your solution.

For example, you could say something like: “In chapter 1 you’ll learn the best way to ___________. In Chapter 2 you’ll learn how to __________. In Chapter 3 you’ll learn how to ____________,” and so on…

The goal here is to “whet the reader’s appetite” with a high-level view of the kind of results they’ll achieve by reading your book, without revealing any of the specifics.

Next, you need to translate your solution into the clear and tangible benefits that your readers will get by reading the information in your book. These benefits are the various outcomes the reader will experience by putting your solution to work.

Ideally, you want to paint a vivid picture of the reader’s future situation using a rhetorical question — for example, you could say something like this: “Do you want to be stress free?,” “financially free?,” “healthier bones?,” “debt free?” .

Step 4: Provide Social Proof of Your Results

Once you’ve helped your reader “see” what their future will be like after reading your book, you need to earn their trust by showing them tangible proof from someone who’s benefited from your solution.

In other words, this is where you bring up your testimonials, either a statement from real people or a statement from organizations who managed to solve their problems by using your book or your services. Client testimonials are the most effective source of social proof to close a sale (note: make sure you have their written permission before publication).

As a word of caution, never make up testimonials. If these facts ever come out, especially in the age of the Internet where anything in the public domain can be virtually searched forever, it could seriously and perhaps permanently damage your credibility and reputation.

Step 5: Anticipate and Address Objections

Although this is an optional step, I highly recommend it. Many readers will likely feel jaded by similar solutions they must have tried before that didn’t work and will therefore have a built-in skepticism when they read your introduction.

So, research in advance what these specific objections are and counter them in your introduction by providing a logical framework that explains why they’re unwarranted in your case.

The best place to research objections is from your own prospects. Failing that, you can visit forums or online groups (Facebook, LinkedIn, etc.) in the problem area that your book covers and read people’s comments about similar products, approaches or solutions. They’re often a gold mine of information about objections and grievances.

Step 6: Issue a Call to Action

Now, you need to begin your closing arguments. You’ll do this by making it clear to readers that if they follow the secrets/formulas/steps/information revealed in the content of your book, they will overcome their problem (here’s a tip: always make sure to set expectations that express a clear impact — don’t use wishy-washy language that obscures the effect of your solution).

For example, you could say something like:

“If you follow the step-by-step process in this book, you’ll double your investment income in just 3 years….

… you’ll lose weight and never gain it back

… you’ll cut your credit-card debt in half

… etc.”

Step 7: Transition to First Chapter

Finally, you need to wrap up your introduction by inviting your reader to get started on their journey, wishing them well and seamlessly transitioning to your first chapter.

For example, you could write:

“Let’s now embark together on your journey to <desired goals>”

In Closing

Congratulations! You now have all the elements and strategies required to craft a compelling book introduction that can really “seal the deal.” Now, it’s time to get started writing your first draft!

All the best,

Ben

If you enjoyed the information in this article and have started the writing process for your nonfiction book, be sure to check out my free nonfiction success guide, drawn from years of experience editing books for bestselling authors (including a NYT bestseller) and ghostwriting for CEOs and politicians. Simply click here to get instant access.

Leave me a comment below if you have any questions about this article or a specific detail, skills or technique that I can help you with – I operate an author services firm that specializes in helping entrepreneurs, professionals and business owners who want to self publish books.

 

Here are some related posts I highly recommend:

How to Write a Compelling Book in 12 Steps: A Must-Read Guide for Nonfiction Authors

Write Your Own Book and Become an Expert: 11 Reasons Why You Should

How to Grow Your Business Writing a Nonfiction Book

 

Bennett R. Coles is an award-winning writer of six books published through Harper Collins (New York) and Titan Publishing Group (London). He is also the publisher at Promontory Press, editor for multiple bestselling authors (including a NYT bestseller), ghostwriter for CEOs and politicians and the founder of Cascadia Author Services, a boutique full-service firm that specializes in premium services for busy professionals. Our end-to-end services include writers coaching, ghostwriting, editing, proofing, cover design, book layout, eBook production, marketing, printing and distribution.

A transition is a word or a group of words that create a bridge between two ideas (i.e. between two subsequent paragraphs) or between two sentences within a paragraph, for the purpose of establishing a natural flow in the narrative.

Since there’s a nearly unlimited number of transition possibilities in the English language, I’ll devote this article to introducing the most popular transition categories in the nonfiction genre, along with some examples that you can use for reference.

For a comprehensive list of several hundred different transitional words or phrases organized by category, read my companion article: 711 Paragraph Transition Words for Nonfiction Authors.

Addition Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea builds on the first idea by adding new information.

Some Examples: Additionally, Also, An additional, And, And then, Another, Apart from this, As a result, As well as, Further, Furthermore, In addition, In the same way, In the second place, Moreover, Otherwise, Similarly, What’s more.

Agreement Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea expands on the first idea using an equivalency.

Some Examples: As a matter of fact, As well as, By the same token, Comparatively, Correspondingly, Equally, Equally important, In like manner, In the same fashion, In the same way, Like, Likewise, Not only… but also, Not to mention, Then, Together with.

Causation Transitions:

This type of transition is used when when there’s a cause and effect relationship between two ideas.

Some Examples: And so, As a result, Because, Consequently, For that reason, If…then, In order to, In the event that, In view of, Inasmuch as, Lest, On account of, Therefore, Thus, With this in mind, With this intention.

Chronology Transitions:

This type of transition is used when you need to add a temporal dimension to the flow between ideas.

Some Examples: After, Afterwards, And then, Formerly, Forthwith, Last, Last but not least, Later, Meanwhile, Once, Presently, Previously, Prior to, Until now, Up to the present time, Usually, When, Whenever, While, Without delay.

Clarification Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea provides clarification to the first idea.

Some Examples: In other words, That is, That is to say, To clarify, To explain, To put it another way, To rephrase it.

Comparison Transitions:

This type of transition is used you need to compare two ideas.

Some Examples: Analogous to, By comparison, Compared to, Equally, In a similar fashion, In comparison, In contrast, In like fashion, In like manner, In the same way, On the contrary, On the other hand, Similarly, Vis a vis, Whereas.

Concession Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea provides justification for the first idea.

Some Examples: Granted, It is true, Naturally, Of course, To be sure.

Conclusion Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea concludes the first idea.

Some Examples: After all, All in all, All things considered, As can be seen, As shown above, By and large, For the most part, In a word, In any event, In conclusion, In essence, In fact, In short, In summary, On balance, On the whole, To sum up, To summarize.

Connection Transitions:

This type of transition is used when two ideas need to be connected together thematically.

Some Examples: Additionally, Also, And, Finally, First, Firstly, Further, In the first place, In the second place, Last, Lastly, Moreover, Next, Second, Secondly.

Consequence Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea is a consequence of the first idea.

Some Examples: Accordingly, As a result, Consequently, Due to, For this reason, Hence, In other words, So, With the result that.

Contrast Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea provides a contrasting thought in relation to the first idea.

Some Examples: Alternatively, But, Contrarily, Conversely, Despite, Nonetheless, Nor, Notwithstanding, On the contrary, On the other hand, Otherwise, Unlike, While this may be true, Yet.

Details Transitions:

This type of transition is used when you need to add more detail to the first idea.

Some Examples: In detail, In particular, Including, Namely, Specifically, To enumerate, To explain, To list.

Effect Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea is the result of the first idea.

Some Examples: Accordingly, Consequently, For this reason, Hence, Therefore, Thus, Under those circumstances.

Emphasis Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea provides emphasis to the first idea.

Some Examples: Above all, In fact, In truth, Furthermore, Surprisingly, Unquestionably, Without a doubt, Undeniably, Undoubtedly, Especially.

Examples Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea is provided as an example of the first idea.

Some Examples: As an example, As an illustration, Especially, Indeed, Like, Markedly, Particularly, That is to say, To clarify, To illustrate, To put it differently, With this in mind.

Exception Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea illustrates an exception to the thought expressed in the first idea.

Some Examples: Despite, However, In spite of, Nevertheless, Of course, Once in a while, Sometimes, Still, Yet.

Generalization Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea expands on the first idea in a general way.

Some Examples: As a rule, As usual, For the most part, Generally, Generally speaking, Ordinarily, Therefore, To this end, Usually, With this in mind.

Illustration Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea is provided as a way of illustrating the first idea.

Some Examples: For example, For instance, In other words, In particular, Namely, Specifically, Such as, To illustrate.

Importance Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea enhances the meaning of the first idea.

Some Examples: Chiefly, Critically, Most importantly, Primarily.

Intensification Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea is used to build up the intensity or the power of the first idea.

Some Examples: In fact, Indeed, To repeat, Undoubtedly, Without doubt.

Location Transitions:

This type of transition is used when you need to add a spatial dimension to the flow between two ideas.

Some Examples: Across, Adjacent, Amid, Around, At the bottom, At the rear, Beneath, Between, Down, In the center of, In the distance, Nearby, On the side, On this side, On top, Peripherally, Surrounding, To the left/right, Within sight.

Opposition Transitions:

This type of transition is used when you need to establish a clear contrast between ideas.

Some Examples: Although this may be true, Be that as it may, Besides, But, Conversely, Despite, Even though, However, In contrast, Nevertheless, On the contrary, On the other hand, Otherwise, Whereas, While, Yet.

Proof Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea provides a point of proof to the first idea.

Some Examples: At any rate, Evidently, For the same reason, Furthermore, Granted that, In addition, In any case, In fact, In spite of, Indeed, Moreover, Obviously, Of course, While it may be true.

Purpose Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea gives purpose to the first idea.

Some Examples: For this purpose, In order that, So that, To that end, To this end.

Restatement Transitions:

This type of transition is used when the second idea restates the first idea in an analogous way.

Some Examples: In brief, In essence, In other words, In short, Namely, That is, That is to say, To put it differently.

Repetition Transitions:

This type of transition is used when you need to add repetition to your flow of ideas for emphasis.

Some Examples: As I have noted, As I have said, In brief.

Sequence Transitions:

This type of transition is used when subsequent ideas need to be part of a thematic sequence.

Some Examples: After, Afterward, And then, At the same time, At this time, Concurrently, Consequently, For the time being, Later, Meanwhile, Next, Now, Previously, Simultaneously, Subsequently, Therefore, Thus, While.

Similarity Transitions:

This type of transition is used when when the second idea expresses a similar thought as the first idea.

Some Examples: By the same token, Here, In like manner, In similar fashion, In the same way, Likewise, Wherever.

Summary Transitions:

This type of transition is used when when the second idea summarizes the first idea.

Some Examples: After all, All things considered, As a result, As I have said, As I have shown, As previously stated, In conclusion, In short, In summary, In the end, On the whole, Summing up, To sum up, To summarize.

If you enjoyed this article and are in the process of writing a nonfiction book, be sure to check out my free nonfiction success guide, drawn from years of experience editing books for bestselling authors (including a New York Times bestseller) and ghostwriting for CEOs and politicians. Simply click here to get instant access.

Ben

Leave me a comment below if you have any questions or a specific need that I can help you address – I operate an author services firm that specializes in helping entrepreneurs, professionals and business owners who want to publish books as a calling card for prospects, to establish their status as an expert or to just to generate additional leads for their businesses.

 

Here are some related posts I highly recommend:

How to Write a Compelling Book in 12 Steps: A Must-Read Guide for Nonfiction Authors

Write Your Own Book and Become an Expert: 11 Reasons Why You Should

How to Grow Your Business Writing a Nonfiction Book

How Long Does it Take to Write a Book to Help Grow Your Business?

 

Bennett R. Coles is an award-winning author of 6 books published through Harper Collins (NY) and Titan Publishing Group (UK). He is also the publisher at Promontory Press and the founder/CEO of Cascadia Author Services, a boutique full-service firm that specializes in premium author services specifically designed for busy professionals. Our end-to-end services include writer coaching, ghostwriting, editing, proofing, cover design, book layout, eBook production, printing, distribution and marketing.

A contraction is a literary device used to make your writing less formal and more conversational. Since contractions approximate the “sounds” of spoken words used in informal conversation, they’re interpreted in your reader’s minds as written language that’s more relaxed and easier to digest.

Language that’s formal or hard to process, such as that used in legal documents, almost never makes use of contractions, which is one of the reasons legalese can be so boring to read and process.

As a writer, particularly a nonfiction writer geared to a consumer audience, the use of contractions is a great technique to put your readers at ease by lowering potential barriers of communication, as if you were signaling through your writing that you’re a “friendly” person.

In technical terms, a contraction is a way to eliminate certain letters from words (or certain words from phrases), replacing them with an apostrophe to provide your reader with a visual cue of the omission — there are some exceptions where even the apostrophe itself is omitted!

In order to provide you with more tools for your author’s tool chest, I’ve compiled below a large list of contractions so that you don’t have to scour the Internet for useful examples. Hopefully you’ll find this collection to be a handy reference for your writing.

Here are 129 examples of contractions you can use, divided into the following 9 groups:

1-Contraction of Pronouns, 2-Contraction of Negatives, 3-Contraction of Verbs, 4-Contraction by Omission, 5-Contraction of Years, 6-Miscellaneous Contractions, 7-Single-Word Contractions, 8-Informal Contractions, 9-Contractions of Proper Nouns

1-Contraction of Pronouns:

Pronoun	Contracted	Uncontracted
I I I I I You You You You You He He He He He She She She She She It It It It It We We We We We They They They They They How How How How How That That That That That What What What What What When When When When When Where Where Where Where Where Who Who Who Who Who Why Why Why Why Why	I’m I’ll I’d I’ve I’d You’re You’ll You’d You’ve You’d He’s He’ll He’d He’s He’d She’s She’ll She’d She’s She’d It’s It’ll It’d It’s It’d We’re We’ll We’d We’ve We’d They’re They’ll They’d They’ve They’d How’s How’ll How’d How’s How’d That’s That’ll That’d That’s That’d What’s What’ll What’d What’s What’d When’s When’ll When’d When’s When’d Where’s Where’ll Where’d Where’s Where’d Who’s Who’ll Who’d Who’s Who’d Why’s Why’ll Why’d Why’s Why’d	I am I will I would I have I had You are You will You would You have You had He is He will He would He has He had She is She will She would She has She had It is It will It would It has It had We are We will We would We have We had They are They will They would They have They had How is How will How would How has How had That is That will That would That has That had What is What will What would What has What had When is When will When would When has When had Where is Where will Where would Where has Where had Who is Who will Who would Who has Who had Why is Why will Why would Why has Why had

2-Contraction of Negatives:

Verb	Contracted	Uncontracted
Is Are Was Were Have Has Had Will Would Do Does Did Can Could Should Might Must	Isn’t Aren’t Wasn’t Weren’t Haven’t Hasn’t Hadn’t Won’t Wouldn’t Don’t Doesn’t Didn’t Can’t Couldn’t Shouldn’t Mightn’t Mustn’t	Is not Are not Was not Were not Have not Has not Had not Will not Would not Do not Does not Did not Can not Could not Should not Might not Must not

3-Contraction of Verbs:

Verb	Contracted	Uncontracted
Could Might Must Should Would	Could’ve Might’ve Must’ve Should’ve Would’ve	Could have Might have Must have Should have Would have

4-Contraction by Omission:

Contracted	Uncontracted
E’er ‘Cause Ma’am Jack o’lantern O’clock Ne’er O’er Run o’the mill	Ever Because Madam Jack of the lantern Of the clock Never Over Run of the mill

5-Contraction of Years:

Contracted	Uncontracted
February ’69	February 1969

6-Miscellaneous Contractions:

Contracted	Uncontracted
Let’s Give’em Y’all	Let us Give them You all

7-Single-Word Contractions (no apostrophe):

Contracted	Uncontracted
Ad Flu Gator Oft	Advertisement Influenza Alligator Often

8-Informal Contractions (no apostrophe):

Contracted	Uncontracted
Bout Coulda Didja Dunno Gimme Gonna Gotcha Gotta Hafta Kinda Lotta Musta Oughta Outta Sorta Wassup Woulda	About Could have Did you Don’t know Give me Going to Got you Have to Have to Kind of Lot of Must have Ought to Out of Sort of What is up Would have

9-Contractions of Proper Nouns:

Contracted	Uncontracted
Tom’s Susan’s Alex’ll Jane’d	Tom is Susan has Alex will Jane would

Some of these contractions may sound silly, and some are best used only when writing dialogue intended to accurately represent speech, but they all have their uses. If you’re not sure if a particular contraction is correct or appropriate, ask your editor for advice.

If you enjoyed this article and are in the process of writing a nonfiction book, be sure to check out my free nonfiction success guide, drawn from years of experience editing books for bestselling authors (including a New York Times bestseller) and ghostwriting for CEOs and politicians. Simply click here to get instant access.

Ben

Leave me a comment below if you have any questions or a specific need that I can help you address – I operate an author services firm that specializes in helping entrepreneurs, professionals and business owners who want to publish books as a calling card for prospects, to establish their status as an expert or to just to generate additional leads for their businesses.

 

Here are some related posts I highly recommend:

How to Write a Compelling Book in 12 Steps: A Must-Read Guide for Nonfiction Authors

Write Your Own Book and Become an Expert: 11 Reasons Why You Should

How to Grow Your Business Writing a Nonfiction Book

How Long Does it Take to Write a Book to Help Grow Your Business?

 

Bennett R. Coles is an award-winning author of six books published through Harper Collins (New York) and Titan Publishing Group (London). He is also the publisher at Promontory Press, editor for multiple bestselling authors (including a NY Times bestseller), ghostwriter for CEOs and politicians and the founder of Cascadia Author Services, a boutique full-service firm that specializes in premium author services specifically designed for busy professionals. Our end-to-end services include writer coaching, ghostwriting, editing, proofing, cover design, book layout, eBook production, marketing, printing and distribution.

 

This article is a basic sentence structure primer for nonfiction authors (or any other writers, for that matter!). It begins by defining and giving examples of the different building blocks that are required to create sentence structures and it ends by introducing the 4 types of sentence structure most commonly used in the English language.

1. Foundational Elements of a Sentence

Subject: a being (e.g. a man or a cat), a place (e.g. the dormitory), a thing (e.g. a piano) or a concept (e.g. the theory of relativity)

Verb: an action that expresses what the subject does (e.g. is, will, comes, builds, takes)

Object: the being, place, thing or concept that is at the receiving end or the result of the subject’s action (e.g. the cat chased “the squirrel,” Susan moved to “Seattle,” the crew built “the house”).

2. Linking Words

Coordinating conjunction: a word used to join two elements of equal importance (e.g. He was short “and” quick). The elements could be both nouns, adjectives, verbs, phrases or independent clauses.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (here’s a simple mnemonic shortcut: they make up the word fanboys.)

Subordinating conjunction: a word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an independent clause. Here are 7 frequently used types of subordinating conjunctions:

1. Time conjunction: e.g. after, as soon as, before, once, since, until, when, while
2. Comparison conjunction: e.g. as much as, rather than, than, whether, whereas
3. Place conjunction: e.g. where, wherever
4. Condition conjunction: e.g. assuming that, if, in case, provided that
5. Reason conjunction: e.g. as, because, in order that, since, so that, that
6. Concession conjunction: e.g. although, even though, though
7. Relative pronouns: e.g. who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose

3. Sentence Clauses

Independent clause: a clause that expresses a complete thought, and can therefore stand alone as a sentence (e.g. the man ate a ham sandwich)

Dependent clause: a clause that does not express a complete thought, and can’t therefore stand alone as a complete sentence (e.g. since they were so well-behaved)

4… and Without Further Ado: Sentence Structures

Simple sentence structure: is made out of a single independent clause (e.g. That rabbit is very large.)

Compound sentence structure: is made out of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (e.g. The young man won the race but he lost the meet.)

Complex sentence structure: is made out of an independent clause joined to a dependent clause by a subordinating conjunction (e.g. The crowd cleared the small room after getting the signal.)

Compound-complex sentence structure: is made out of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses joined by a combination of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (e.g. The crowd cleared the small room after getting the signal so the medics could set up the stretcher.)

Good luck with your writing project!

If you enjoyed this article and are in the process of writing a nonfiction book, be sure to check out my free nonfiction success guide, drawn from years of experience editing books for bestselling authors (including a New York Times bestseller) and ghostwriting for CEOs and politicians. Simply click here to get instant access.

Ben

Leave me a comment below if you have any questions or a specific need that I can help you address – I operate an author services firm that specializes in helping entrepreneurs, professionals and business owners who want to publish books as a calling card for prospects, to establish their status as an expert or to just to generate additional leads for their businesses.

 

Here are some related posts I highly recommend:

How to Write a Compelling Book in 12 Steps: A Must-Read Guide for Nonfiction Authors

Write Your Own Book and Become an Expert: 11 Reasons Why You Should

How to Grow Your Business Writing a Nonfiction Book

 

Bennett R. Coles is an award-winning author of six books published through Harper Collins (New York) and Titan Publishing Group (London). He is also the publisher at Promontory Press, editor for multiple bestselling authors (including a NY Times bestseller), ghostwriter for CEOs and politicians and the founder of Cascadia Author Services, a boutique full-service firm that specializes in premium author services specifically designed for busy professionals. Our end-to-end services include writer coaching, ghostwriting, editing, proofing, cover design, book layout, eBook production, marketing, printing and distribution.